Learn how to identify and value antique plows with our comprehensive guide covering makers' marks, historical types, and authentication methods for collectors.
By Appraisily TeamLast updated June 1, 2023
Antique plows represent a significant piece of agricultural history, charting the evolution of farming technology from simple hand tools to sophisticated mechanical implements. For collectors, history enthusiasts, and those who discover these relics in old barns or farmsteads, identifying antique plows can be both challenging and rewarding. This comprehensive guide will help you recognize key features, identify manufacturers, determine age, and assess the value of your vintage plow discoveries.
<div class="section-header__body">The plow is one of agriculture’s most fundamental tools, transforming farming practices and enabling the cultivation of larger fields with less human effort over centuries of evolution.</div>
Antique plows span a tremendous period of agricultural history, from simple wooden implements to sophisticated steel designs. Understanding this history provides crucial context for identification. The most common antique plows found today typically date from the mid-19th century through the early 20th century, representing the golden age of horse-drawn and early tractor-drawn implements.
Collectors value these artifacts for various reasons:
They represent important technological innovations in agriculture
Many feature distinctive craftsmanship and design elements
They connect us to agricultural heritage and rural history
Some manufacturers’ plows have developed significant collector followings
Before attempting to identify a specific plow, it’s helpful to understand the general historical timeline and how plow technology evolved over the centuries.
<h2 class="section-header__title">
<span>Historical Evolution of Plow Technology</span>
</h2>
<div class="section-header__body">Tracing the development of plows from simple wooden implements to complex mechanical devices helps establish a chronological framework for identification.</div>
Evolution of Plow Technology
Pre-1700s
Wooden Plows
Early plows featured wooden construction with minimal metal components. These primitive designs required tremendous human or animal effort and achieved limited soil turning capability.
1700s
Iron-Tipped Plows
Wooden plows with iron cutting edges (shares) improved durability and effectiveness but still suffered from soil sticking to the moldboard.
Early 1800s
Cast Iron Plows
Jethro Wood's 1819 patent for interchangeable parts and John Deere's 1837 self-scouring steel plow revolutionized farming with more efficient soil management.
Mid-1800s
Steel Plows
Steel plows became dominant, particularly in the American Midwest, where they allowed efficient breaking of tough prairie soils. Major manufacturers established their distinctive styles.
Late 1800s
Riding Plows
Sulky plows (single-bottom riding plows) allowed the operator to ride rather than walk, significantly reducing farmer fatigue and increasing productivity.
Early 1900s
Multi-Bottom Plows
Multiple-bottom gang plows enabled turning several furrows simultaneously, designed for use with multiple horse teams or early tractors.
1920s-1940s
Tractor Plows
Purpose-built tractor plows with mechanical lifts and eventually hydraulic systems replaced horse-drawn implements as tractors became common on American farms.
Understanding where a plow fits within this timeline can provide important clues about its age, purpose, and manufacturer. The materials used, construction methods, and design features all evolved in relatively predictable patterns that help with identification.
<h2 class="section-header__title">
<span>Major Antique Plow Manufacturers</span>
</h2>
<div class="section-header__body">Knowing the distinctive features and markings of prominent plow manufacturers is essential for accurate identification.</div>
Many companies manufactured plows during the 19th and early 20th centuries, but several major manufacturers dominated the market and are most commonly found by collectors today. Each company typically had distinctive design elements, casting patterns, and marking conventions.
Key Plow Manufacturers by Region
John Deere
Founded in 1837, John Deere revolutionized farming with his self-scouring steel plow. Key identification features include:
The leaping deer logo (introduced in 1876)
“JOHN DEERE” or “MOLINE, ILL” cast into components
Serial numbers typically on the frog (the central structural component)
Distinctive green paint on later models
International Harvester (IH)
Formed in 1902, IH incorporated McCormick and Deering lines before eventually merging:
Look for “IH,” “McCORMICK,” or “DEERING” cast into the frame
Red paint was their signature color from the early 1900s
“Little Genius” was a popular model line with numbered series
Patent dates often appear on the moldboard
Oliver
The Oliver Chilled Plow Works was known for innovative “chilled iron” technology:
“OLIVER” name prominently cast into multiple components
Green paint with red wheels on many models
Numbered plow series (No. 9, No. 40, etc.)
Often featured distinctive curved moldboards
Syracuse Plow Company
Known for high-quality cast iron and steel plows:
“SYRACUSE” or “S” cast markings
Often featured red or orange paint
Known for the “wiard” design on many models
Popular in the Northeastern states
Other Notable Manufacturers:
Case: Often yellow paint with eagle emblem
Avery: Featured heart-shaped logo on many models
Moline Plow Co: “Flying Dutchman” line was popular
Grand Detour Plow Co: Early John Deere associate with distinctive patterns
P&O (Parlin & Orendorff): Canton, IL manufacturer known for quality
<h2 class="section-header__title">
<span>Identifying Key Plow Types</span>
</h2>
<div class="section-header__body">Understanding the major categories of antique plows helps narrow down identification possibilities based on structure and intended use.</div>
Antique plows came in various forms, each designed for specific agricultural purposes. Identifying which basic type you have is the first step in narrowing down the manufacturer and age.
Walking Plows
The most common antique plows found today, walking plows required the operator to walk behind while guiding the implement:
One-Bottom Walking Plow: The simplest design with a single moldboard and share
Sulky Plow: Added wheels and a seat, allowing the farmer to ride rather than walk
Gang Plow: Multiple bottoms (plowing units) to turn several furrows simultaneously
Specialty Plows
Hillside/Swivel Plow: Reversible moldboard that could be swiveled to throw soil in either direction
Prairie Breaker: Extra-large, heavy-duty design for breaking virgin soil
Subsoil Plow: Designed to loosen soil deep below the surface without bringing it up
Potato Plow: Specialized for harvesting root crops
Components and Terminology
Understanding plow parts helps with identification and value assessment:
Share: The cutting edge that slices horizontally into the soil
Moldboard: The curved surface that turns and inverts the soil
Landside: The flat side that runs along the unplowed ground
Frog: The central frame piece that connects the components
Beam: The main structural member connecting to the hitch
Coulter: A vertical cutting blade that slices ahead of the share
Jointer: A small auxiliary plow that turns under surface vegetation
Value Ranges by Plow Type
Current market values for common antique plow types in good condition
Category
Price
Notes
Walking Plow (basic)
$150-$400
Complete with handle and share
Sulky/Riding Plow
$400-$1,200
Functional condition with seat
Specialty Plows
$300-$800
Hillside or specialized designs
Gang Plows
$500-$2,000
Multiple bottom designs
Early Wooden Plows
$1,000-$3,500
18th or early 19th century
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<h2 class="section-header__title">
<span>How to Find Manufacturer Markings</span>
</h2>
<div class="section-header__body">Locating and interpreting cast marks, serial numbers, and other identifiers is crucial for accurate plow identification.</div>
Most quality antique plows featured some form of manufacturer identification, though these markings can be difficult to find beneath years of rust, dirt, and wear. Here’s where to look and what to look for:
Common Locations for Markings
The Frog: This central casting often contains cast logos or text
Moldboard: Many manufacturers cast their name directly into the curved surface
Beam: Look for stamped or cast markings along the main beam
Share or Share Point: Sometimes marked with sizing or part numbers
Wheel Hubs: On riding plows, check the wheel hubs for cast text
Types of Identification Markings
Cast Name: Most common - the manufacturer name cast directly into iron components
Serial Numbers: Often found on the frog or beam, may indicate production date
Patent Dates: Particularly helpful for dating a plow
Model Numbers: May be cast, stamped, or on attached plates
Logo Symbols: Some manufacturers used distinctive symbols (like Deere’s leaping deer)
Cleaning Techniques to Reveal Markings
Marking Revelation Methods
Safe techniques for exposing hidden markings on antique plows
Wire brush gentle cleaning to remove loose rust and dirt
WD-40 application to loosen caked dirt and light rust
Careful scraping with wooden or plastic tools to avoid damaging metal
Rubbing with penetrating oil and fine steel wool for stubborn areas
Taking clear photographs in raking light to highlight subtle cast marks
Pro Tip: If markings remain elusive, try rubbing a piece of chalk over suspected areas - the chalk will often highlight raised letters that are otherwise difficult to see.
<h2 class="section-header__title">
<span>Dating Your Antique Plow</span>
</h2>
<div class="section-header__body">Determining the age of an antique plow involves analyzing design features, materials, manufacturing techniques, and any available patent or serial number information.</div>
While precise dating can be challenging without explicit manufacturer records, several approaches can help narrow down the age of an antique plow:
Patent Dates
Patent dates cast into components provide a definitive “not earlier than” date
Common format: “PAT. FEB 10 1876” or “PATENTED MAR 1867”
Remember that patent dates indicate when the design was patented, not necessarily when your specific plow was manufactured
Serial Numbers
Some manufacturers used sequential numbering systems:
John Deere began systematic serial numbers in the 1880s
International Harvester and other major manufacturers maintained production records
Local historical societies or manufacturer archives may help decode these numbers
Design Evolution Clues
Materials: All-wooden construction (pre-1800s), cast iron (early-mid 1800s), steel components (post-1870s)
Jointers: Became common after 1870
Wheel designs: Wooden wheels (earlier), steel wheels with spokes (later)
Adjustment mechanisms: Simple designs (earlier) vs. sophisticated adjustability (later)
Manufacturing techniques: Hand-forged vs. machine-made components
Construction Methods
Hand-forged components with visible hammer marks (earlier)
Smooth, uniform castings with machine finishing (later)
Bolted assembly (earlier) vs. more integrated designs (later)
Presence of standardized, interchangeable parts (generally post-1820)
For many collectors, establishing a general production era (such as 1880s-1890s) is sufficient for appreciation and valuation purposes.
<h2 class="section-header__title">
<span>Valuation Factors for Antique Plows</span>
</h2>
<div class="section-header__body">Multiple factors influence the collectible and monetary value of antique plows, from maker and condition to completeness and historical significance.</div>
The value of antique plows can vary dramatically based on numerous factors. Understanding these can help you determine whether you have a common item or a rare collector’s piece.
Rarity: Uncommon models or those with limited production histories
Completeness: All original parts present, including handles, shares, and adjustment hardware
Condition: Original paint, minimal rust, and functional mechanisms significantly increase value
Age: Generally, older plows (pre-1880) are more valuable, especially with documented provenance
Historical Significance: Association with significant agricultural developments or regional history
Originality: Unrestored examples with original paint often preferred by serious collectors
Size and Displayability: Smaller, more manageable plows often have broader appeal
Red Flags That Reduce Value
Missing critical components (particularly handles or shares)
Excessive rust or deterioration of cast components
Improper repairs or modern replacement parts
Over-restoration or incorrect repainting
Cracks or breaks in the main casting (especially the frog)
Value Range Examples
Most antique walking plows in reasonable condition typically sell in the $150-$500 range, with exceptional examples from major manufacturers in original condition potentially reaching $1,000-$2,500. Rare early examples with documented provenance can command significantly higher prices at specialized auctions.
<h2 class="section-header__title">
<span>Restoration Considerations</span>
</h2>
<div class="section-header__body">Proper restoration can preserve an antique plow’s historical integrity and value, while improper approaches can dramatically reduce its appeal to collectors.</div>
If you’re considering restoring an antique plow, understanding proper approaches is critical to maintaining or enhancing its value rather than diminishing it.
To Restore or Preserve?
When to Consider Restoration
Factors suggesting restoration might be appropriate
The plow is a common model with limited collector value
You intend to use it for demonstration purposes
Original paint is completely gone or deteriorated
Functional components need repair for stability or display
Wooden components are damaged or missing
Many collectors prefer “conserved” rather than “restored” plows - meaning stabilized to prevent further deterioration but retaining their patina and evidence of use.
Restoration Best Practices
If you do decide to restore:
Document the original condition thoroughly with photographs
Research appropriate colors for the specific manufacturer and era
Use period-appropriate techniques and materials when possible
Preserve any maker’s marks or patent information during cleaning
Replace only what’s necessary - avoid unnecessary “improvements”
Consider reversible methods that future collectors could undo if desired
Common Restoration Mistakes to Avoid
Using modern bright paint colors instead of historically accurate shades
Over-cleaning cast surfaces, removing the patina that indicates age
Replacing wooden handles with different wood species or profiles
Welding broken castings (which typically reduces collector value)
Adding non-original parts from different plow models
<h2 class="section-header__title">
<span>Resources for Further Research</span>
</h2>
<div class="section-header__body">Specialized resources can help collectors identify and research antique plows beyond the information in this guide.</div>
Identifying antique plows often requires consulting specialized resources beyond general antique guides. These resources can help with manufacturer identification, dating, and valuation.
“A History of American Agricultural Implements” by L.W. Ellis
Museums with Significant Plow Collections
The National Agricultural Center and Hall of Fame (Bonner Springs, KS)
John Deere Historic Site (Grand Detour, IL)
The Farmers’ Museum (Cooperstown, NY)
Museum of the Mountain West (Montrose, CO)
Common Questions About Antique Plows
How can I tell who manufactured my antique plow?
Look for cast markings on the frog (central component), moldboard, or beam. Clean these areas gently with a wire brush to reveal potential manufacturer names or logos. John Deere plows often have "DEERE" or "MOLINE, ILL" cast into components, while International Harvester plows may show "IH," "McCORMICK," or "DEERING." Other manufacturers like Oliver, Syracuse, and Case also typically included their names on multiple components. If no direct manufacturer markings are visible, compare the design features with reference photographs from collector guides or online forums.
What's the most valuable type of antique plow?
Generally, the most valuable antique plows are early (pre-1850) examples in excellent original condition with documented provenance. Specifically, early John Deere plows from the 1840s-1860s command premium prices, especially those with original wooden beams and handles. Rare manufacturer prototypes, experimental models, or plows with unusual features can also be highly valuable. However, value varies significantly based on completeness, condition, and historical significance. Well-preserved examples with original paint and all components intact will always command higher prices than similar models in poor condition.
How can I date my antique plow without documentation?
Several methods can help approximate the age of an antique plow:
Examine the materials - all wooden construction (pre-1800s), cast iron (early-mid 1800s), or steel components (post-1870s)
Look for patent dates cast into components, which provide a "not earlier than" date
Study the manufacturing techniques - hand-forged components with visible hammer marks suggest earlier periods
Research the specific design features and compare to manufacturer catalogs and historical records
Consider the construction methods - bolted assembly (earlier) vs. more integrated designs (later)
For more precise dating, consult with antique farm implement specialists or relevant collector communities.
Should I restore my antique plow or leave it as is?
This depends on the plow's historical significance, current condition, and your personal goals:
For rare or historically significant plows, conservation (stabilizing without altering original finishes) is generally preferred by collectors
If the plow is a common model with minimal collector value, careful restoration can enhance its display appeal
If original paint remains, even partially, most collectors advise preserving it rather than repainting
Functional repairs (such as replacing broken wooden handles) are generally acceptable if done with period-appropriate materials
When in doubt, consult with antique farm implement specialists before undertaking any restoration work, as improper restoration can significantly reduce value.
What parts are commonly missing from antique plows?
The most frequently missing components on antique plows include:
Wooden handles - often deteriorated due to weather exposure
Shares (cutting edges) - worn out or removed for reuse
Jointers or coulters - small auxiliary components often detached and lost
Adjustment hardware - wing nuts, handles, and adjustment rods
Wheels or wheel components on riding plows
Finding exact replacement parts can be challenging. Some collectors fabricate replacements based on intact examples, while others source parts from donor plows of similar models. For valuable specimens, using only period-correct replacement parts is important to maintain collector value.
How much is my antique walking plow worth?
The value of antique walking plows typically ranges from $150 to $500 for common models in good condition, with several factors affecting the specific value:
Manufacturer (John Deere, Oliver, and International Harvester typically command higher prices)
Age (generally, older plows from the 19th century are more valuable)
Condition (original paint and minimal rust significantly increase value)
Completeness (all original parts present, including handles and share)
Rarity (uncommon models or those with limited production histories are worth more)
Exceptional examples from major manufacturers in original condition can potentially reach $1,000-$2,500, while rare early examples with documented provenance might sell for $3,000-$5,000 at specialized auctions. For an accurate appraisal, consider consulting with an antique farm equipment specialist.
How can I identify a John Deere antique plow?
John Deere plows usually have several distinctive characteristics:
The "JOHN DEERE" or "DEERE" name cast into the frog or moldboard
"MOLINE, ILL" often appears as the manufacturing location
The leaping deer logo (introduced in 1876) on later models
Serial numbers typically located on the frog
Distinctive green paint on later models (though many earlier models had black paint)
Early John Deere plows (pre-1870s) may have wooden beams with steel shares and moldboards. Later models featured all-steel construction. The company’s renowned "self-scouring" steel plows had a highly polished moldboard surface that prevented soil from sticking, a key innovation that helped distinguish them from competitors.
What's the difference between a sulky plow and a walking plow?
The primary difference is that:
A walking plow requires the operator to walk behind it, physically guiding and controlling the implement
A sulky plow includes wheels and a seat, allowing the operator to ride while controlling the plow
Sulky plows (also called riding plows) were developed in the late 19th century to reduce farmer fatigue. They typically feature one or two bottoms (plowing units), a metal frame with wheels, a seat for the operator, and foot or hand controls for adjusting depth and width. They required greater horsepower to pull than walking plows due to their additional weight but significantly increased the amount of land a farmer could plow in a day by reducing physical exertion.
Conclusion
Identifying antique plows connects us with agricultural heritage and the technological evolution that transformed farming. Whether you’re a serious collector or simply curious about a rusty relic discovered in an old barn, understanding the distinctive features, markings, and historical context of these implements enhances their significance and potential value.
The most successful identifications typically come from combining several approaches:
Locating and interpreting manufacturer markings
Analyzing design features and construction methods
Researching similar examples in reference guides or online forums
Consulting with knowledgeable collectors or farm implement specialists
While some plows may remain mysteries due to worn markings or unusual designs, the journey of discovery is part of what makes collecting these pieces of agricultural history so rewarding. Each antique plow represents an important chapter in farming’s technological progression and the human ingenuity that helped feed growing populations through increasingly efficient cultivation methods.
For collectors, the greatest value often lies not in monetary worth but in preserving and sharing these tangible connections to our agricultural past.
